Journal on “The Story of an Hour” by Kate Chopin Essay

After reading â€Å"the Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin, I was surprised at the unexpected events that lead to Mrs. Mallard’s death. Through elaborated setting, profound feelings and enriching plot, the theme of the story was gradually revealed and brought out an astonishing ending to both Louise’s life and miserable marriage. The settings took place both in outside and inside environments. As informed of her husband’s death, Louise begins to make the first expressions. Unlike other women being immobilized and denial, she became anguished but went to her room alone. Here the audience expects her to moan in deep sorrow, but instead she sits calmly, sinking down into a comfortable spacious armchair looking out to window. She describes the smell of the air in the room as â€Å"the delicious breath of rain†. She sees the trees outside in the yard quivering in â€Å"new spring life†- something outside is being reborn just like her inner self. Her inside environment in fact has a soothing feeling despite the depressing event. Louise’s feelings observed through a third person view little by little divulge her story. She whispered: â€Å"free, free, free!† uncontrollably with â€Å"a monstrous joy.† It is freedom that she has been battling to feel for the many years married to her man. She tried to defend herself by rambling on about how she used to love her husband sometimes, but she cannot hide the delighted actuality that she has her freedom back once again. To her the marriage was a prison; her life belonged to her husband with the social belief that such thing would make a woman’s life fulfilled. She releases all the stress and emotions that had been building up all the passing years. It is devastating, as she describes it, â€Å"her pulses beat fast, and the coursing blood warmed and relaxed every inch of her body.† Now she yearns to live more, to enjoy her freedom once again, contrasting to what she thought the day before â€Å"with a shudder that life might be lon g. â€Å"The turning point is when Louise saw her husband opening the door coming back alive. Chopin’s satirical plot leaves an open understanding of Mrs. Mallard’s death. It is irony that in the beginning of the story she was said to have a heart trouble, her relative tried to use the gentlest way to inform her of Brently Mallard’s death. The reality is she feels glad about her husband being  forever absent from her life, and as she is willing to enjoy the world again, her husband comes back. Louise finally became the one to die in the end. Perhaps â€Å"freedom† of mind and body is more valuable than life itself. Therefore, after this intervention, going back to the confines of marriage would be killing the life and heart of Louise, thus death is the only solution and of course the â€Å"heart condition† foreshadowing an impending death. In conclusion, I enjoyed Kate Chopin’s â€Å"Story of an Hour† and found her unique writing style beautiful. It only sheds its secrets through vague details yet brings a strong emotion to a twisted and painful story of the suffering women in the conservative nineteenth century society. Work Cited Chopin, Kate. The Story of an Hour.1894. Rpt. in Compact LiteratureReading Reacting Writing. By Kirszner and Mandell. 6th ed. Boston, MA: 2007.

Teva Pharmaceutical Industries

TEVA Pharmaceutical Industries,Ltd Problem statement After many years of successful growth in the Generic Pharmaceutical industry, competing against the biggest western Pharmaceutical companies, TEVA Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd the major and biggest player in this competitive industry, has reached a point where after acquiring many other pharmaceutical companies and achieving his 1 billion dollar theory goal, seem to have lost focus and found themselves in need of setting a new goal that will give them, future vision and will help them avoid being scattered all around the market and dispersing their limited budget ?On one hand is the global market for generics, where many new low-cost players are growing using Teva’s exact same successful formula to capture market share and existent gigantic innovative players are starting to incur, making of this specific industry a very challenging one with stiff competition, collapsed prices and very low profits. On the other hand, the i nnovative drug market, an unknown market for Teva, where the capital investment is accounted in billions in expenses in R&D, and growth is expected to slow down, the possibilities for high revenues are greater than Teva can imagine. External Analysis Industry: The Pharmaceutical industry, a 600 billion industry, has been growing at an approximate rate of 12% over the last five years, with a typical ROE of 20%, among the highest of any industry.It has 2 main sectors, namely Innovative Pharmaceuticals and Generic Pharmaceuticals. The Innovative Pharmaceutical, considered a sector of high risk due to the high capital investment in R&D, the low probability of having an approved development hence the opportunity to generate revenues exceeding the invested R&D and costs, has currently negative expectations regarding the future mainly because of slow growth predictions, the end of a patent protection period of up to 70 drugs with no innovative products in the pipeline to replace them.Itâ⠂¬â„¢s counterpart, The Generic Pharmaceuticals a 52 billion sector, although dependent on the innovative drug’s patents to be produced, is expected to have a growth of up to 16% in major world markets and It has 3 categories: ? Commodity generics: Requires the lowest capital investment and also is the largest segment of generics, reason why many competitors were attracted to it. ? Niche generics: Have to be prescribed by physicians even in pharmacist-driven markets.Although requires higher capital investment than commodity the gross margins were higher. ? Biosimilars: Refers to the undeveloped segment of the generic version of the so called â€Å"Biotech†, which active’s compounds were highly complex, by far harder to duplicate than traditional pharmaceuticals. Has high expectative of growth, and margins General Factors per country of the generic market United States: The world largest generic pharmacist-driven market, offered benefits for generic drugs such as the ANDA process which shortened the approval of generic drugs and the â€Å"paragraph IV† which allowed generic companies to challenge innovative drugs long before patent expiration. The competition in the US is stiff due to a large amount of competitors entering the market which is negatively affecting the pricing and consequently the profits. Europe: The UK and Netherlands, the most competitive markets in the region resembled the US (pharmacist-driven, prices were regulated by the market, with a high penetration of generics, 49%, which makes the competition high). France and Germany on the other hand, were physician-driven for which generics have to market and brand their drugs like innovative companies, hence incurring in the same marketing expenses as innovative companies, while prices were regulated by the government.Also, these markets were accounted as part of the biggest globally and had lower penetration rates, 12% for France and 41% for Germany, while having high growth potential. Also they both accounted for only 12% of Teva’s revenues in Europe. ? Rest of the world: Japan is a highly regulated market with generic penetration of 10%, specially because of the patients’ perception of generics as of lower quality, only expected to growth in a the long term.Other markets like Latin America, Eastern Europe, Russia, China, and India were expected to grow in the generic market although due to limited disposable income the patients demanded low price generics. Five forces Analysis (See Appendix 1) ? Rivalry (High) ? Power of supplier (Low) ? Power of buyers (high) ? Substitute products (Medium) ? Threat of new entrants (high) Opportunities: There are 70 innovative drugs in the US about to loose their patents in 2010, which are potential new generics developments for Teva.There are still some unsaturated markets such as France, Germany, Latin America and Asia where Teva can make an strategic move. There is still the Niche generic and B iosimilar Markets where barriers of entry can be created to prevent new competitor entrance, and finally, there are still not many competitors and high growth expectations specially in Biosimilar products in the US. Threats: ANDA and â€Å"Paragraph IV† are slowing due to fierce competition and entrance of new competitors, while innovative companies started also to enter the commodity generic market.The industry is highly fragmented which makes competition fierce and some global markets have government regulated prices and compulsory licensing making competition on price difficult. Finally, the US Market is getting saturated of competitors which is reducing profitability. Internal Analysis Corporate strategy: Teva’s Corporate strategy is to diversify into related businesses that through a well managed chain value (Localized management and marketing, and centralized R&D, manufacturing and APIs) has given them greater scale benefits than any of its competitors, and a rep utation as the company not to compete on price with.Teva’s business strategy and Competitive advantage: Teva’s business strategy is cost leadership based in keeping R&D low, an efficient management of its supply chain, backward integration into pharmaceutical ingredients (API), rigorous execution including filing ANDA applications faster than competitors (which gave them a large pipeline of paragraph IV challenges and a broad portfolio of commodity generics), and finally a reputable, successful acquisition team. See Appendix 3) Value chain (see appendix 2): Teva has maintained its low cost culture during the years, and thanks to his careful growth into new markets through acquisitions has achieved greater benefits of scale than any other competitor. Its R&D, which usually adds for a high percentage in the industry (14% of net sales), was only of 7% for Teva thanks to the strong collaboration with the scientific institute in Israel such as Weizmann institute, Hebrew uni versity of Jerusalem and the Technion.Additionally, Teva has entered new markets where they have successfully been able to push their products by influencing market players namely Pharmacists-driven markets. Key success factors: Within the main success factor we can recognize former CEO Hurvitz , who fostered a culture of goal settings and low prices, acknowledging the commodity-like nature of the industry and whose vision took the company to reach and pass the â€Å"Billion Dollar theory†. His legal team, who is in charge of filing ANDA, is famous for being faster than any competitor.His acquisitions team who has a great reputation in the industry for the systematic approach and successful outcomes in integrating acquired companies. Strengths: Teva is the largest commodity generic producer in the world by having an amazingly well managed cost structure and by setting economies of scale to produce at a lower cost than its competitors, hence being able to compete with low pric es. Its capacity to influence key market players within its markets (pharmacists). An acquisition team that has lead to successful buys and integrations.Also, Teva has a non Bureaucratic structure that is aligned with the low cost structure. Weaknesses: The limited knowledge of Physician-driven markets, is for instance, the cause for Teva’s low presence in France and Germany that together accounted for only 12. 5% of the revenues of Teva in Europe. Limited research budget and limited experience in innovative pharmaceuticals market. High focus in the US market, reason for which any possible downturn, like the regulatory impasse, has a high possibility of affecting negatively the results of the company.Alternatives 1. Teva has successfully introduced 2 blockbuster innovative drugs into the market, Copaxone in partnership with Sanofi-Aventis, and Azilect, which proved that Copaxone was not a one-off. This can lead us to think that Teva can keep on going down the road of innovati ve drugs and in other therapeutic areas with sales estimates of up to $6 billion dollars. We can’t forget though, that Teva has limited research budget and limited experience in this market where giant companies like Merck, Novartis and Sanofi-Aventis compete.Additionally CEO Hurvitz qualified this move as nothing else than supreme self-confidence. 2. Move into Niche and Biosimilar markets which are relatively new or completely unknown markets for Teva, especially for the type of relationship with the Physician-driven markets but that can give advantages and possibilities to create entry barriers to new competitors and that would definitely set a solid base for Teva’s continuous growth. 3.Enter new geographical markets: continue with its low cost strategy and enter new geographical markets, such as Germany and France, this strategy is aligned with the move into Niche and Biosimilar market mainly directed to physician-driven markets. 4. Status Quo: Teva should focus sol ely in the commodity generic market in which the company is currently the strongest player, but risking to loose market share with competitors such as Sandoz, Ranbaxy and Barr. See appendix 4 for Analysis of Alternatives RecommendationIn the light of the alternative analysis (see appendix 5), the best move for Teva is to start entering the Niche and Biosimilar markets while also expanding geographically into Physician-driven markets such as Germany and France where it is wise to consolidate and try to get a bigger market share using Ivax and Sicor’s know-how in these areas. Ivax has already given Teva the leading presence in Latin America where must of the countries were physician-driven markets, proving that Ivax has experience in this type of market.Teva can give leverage to Ivax in order to be able to produce at low costs, while Ivax with its independent type of operation can give Teva access to global markets. For this purpose, Teva must successfully integrate Ivax into T eva’s culture while supporting its independent operation and providing marketing budget, which will definitely generate high revenues due the nature of Ivax’s niche generic products. Also, Ivax strength in first-to-file paragraph IV pipeline in the USA can positively affect Teva’s operation within its original market and generate a solid ground so that Teva can later on support its new operations in the new markets.On the other hand, Teva has already started developing Innovative drugs, and has had 2 blockbusters, but getting deeper in this market can be dangerous and the probabilities of failure are very high. Instead, Teva should use its previous experience in handling the innovative division, and handle Sicor experience in the Biosimilar in the same way. Teva’s experience in rolling out a product lunch will definitely become useful in order to support Sicor’s operation that can generate entry barriers to the Biosimilar market and higher revenues within the US in the injectables business.Also it is possible to use a low cost approach, and his economies of scale to be more prices efficient than the possible competitors. Implementation plan. Since 70 innovative drugs are loosing their patent protection by 2010 in the US, Teva should start developing the generic version of this drugs and can use Ivax experience in the first-filer paragraph IV in order to take advantage and make its position in the US market stronger. Teva should also start slowly moving away from the Innovative market.In order to do this, Teva should finish the development of the innovative drugs and they already have in the pipeline, and lunch them. After this, most of these resources are going to be transported into the production of Biosimilars leaded by Sicor. With the intention of moving into Germany and France, Teva must start creating a solid marketing team in conjunction with Ivax, this capital investment should generate enough revenues to overshadow t he cost knowing that Niche products have higher gross margins.With Sicor, Teva should start developing Biosimilars within the US, before Barr with Pliva and Sandoz move into the US market that is supposed to support only 3 competitors. We know that Sandoz has already lunched one Biosimilar in Australia and Europe. Although the regulation pathway for Biosimilar in the US was still unknown this will give some lead-time for Sicor to develop and then have approved Biosimilar products in the US and hopefully start generating entry barriers for biotech and other Biosimilar competitors.Biosimilar product has margins close to those of the innovative drugs and with lesser risk of competing against the giants who don’t play in this market. Finally, Ivax gave Teva the leading position in Latin America, and although it accounts for only 39. 3 billions or 7% of the industry revenue, this revenue is expected to growth at a 9. 2% CAGR with medium-low competition. It is a great opportunity f or Teva to establish himself as the market leader in this growing market. Appendix 1 Porters 5 forces. [pic] Appendix 2 Value Chain [pic] Appendix 3 Sustainability of competitive advantage. |Valuable |Rare | |INNOVATIVE |High revenues if successful. |Slow growth and stiff competition against giant| | |2 successful innovative drugs already launched |companies. | | |Has some innovative drugs in the pipeline |Huge capital investment required. | | |projected to generate revenues of $6 billions |Inexperience of Teva in this market. | | |Goes against advantage of Teva of producing | | | |with low costs | |NICHE AND BIOSIMILAR AND GEOGRAPHICAL EXPANSION|High revenues and market growth expected |Teva does not have experience in this area of | |THROUGH ACQUISITIONS |Possibility to generate entry barriers to new |production | | |competitors |Teva has no experience and know how in | | |Has already bought Sicor (Biosimilar), Ivax |physician-driven markets however it can | | |(Niche) and has alr eady set up a separate |integrate Ivax and Sicor know-how. | | |division to focus on Niche market and | | | |Physician-driven markets | | | |Aligned with focused strategy and efficient | | |chain value for low costs | | | |Experience in acquisitions and integration | | |STATUS QUO |Strong consolidated position in the US |Saturated market | | |Know-how and experience in pharmacist-driven |Stiff competition with new competitors and | | |market |giant companies entering commodity generic | | |Experience in ANDA filing |market. | | | |Prices lowering and with them profits | ———————– Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd Final Report Professor

Nike. Ethical Audit Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Nike. Ethical Audit Report - Essay Example Also the ethical implications related to the disclosure method adopted by Nike related to its Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) stature is discussed in detail. The company Nike has responded in a professional manner to the many labor issues it has faced over a span of the past 10 years. A detailed audit related to the ethics of the business and possible changes which can make the company Nike a better workplace are dealt with in this paper. Introduction Nike created a code of conduct related to work place ethics after it was seriously allegated of making women and children work under hazardous conditions with minimum wages especially in developing countries like China. Nike is a leading marketer of athletic apparel and shoes and it has its operations and sales outlets spread across the globe. Nike is not involved in the actual manufacturing of its products; rather the company is involved in designing the products marketed by it. Nike makes use of workers on a contract basis for t he purpose of manufacturing in nearly 600 factories which are scattered across the globe and employs almost 800,000 people (CSR Report, Nike, pg.25). With such a huge work force the company faces issues related to ethics at work place and as the company is globally accredited it also faces Corporate Social Responsibility related ethical dilemmas. Corporate companies have to follow a responsible path and make sure the way with which they act and take their business ahead is within the permissible limits of ethics. In the year 2004 Nike released its Corporate Social Responsibilities report, first of its kind in accordance with the Global Reporting Indicators (GRI). The mission of GRI deals with developing, publicizing sustainability guidelines and global responsibility. GRI is process oriented and the indicators can be made use of while reporting environmental, economic and social aspects related to products, services and activities of the company. In this research paper these GRI ind icators will be applied to perform the ethical social audit of the company Nike. As at present there is no strong code of conduct present to enforce labor standards on an international basis as many countries especially developing ones have limited ability in relation to enforcing labor laws (Cohen, Sabel, 2006). There were only 24,291 direct employees at Nike during the year 1990 who worked in the United States and the major work force in manufacturing factories of Nike was from developing countries on a contract basis. Nike has been criticized for the ethics of the company when it comes to outsourcing. In many of its factories across the globe the problems of low wages, human rights and poor working conditions were prevalent. Though the management at Nike did not accept responsibility for such poor work conditions at first, during the year 1992 a well formulated code of conduct in relation to the labor, health and environmental standards was observed and followed by Nike. The mini mum age for labors was increased to 18 years and all the footwear suppliers were insisted to adopt the United States Occupational and Safety Health Administration (OSHA) standards at work place. To deal with labor practices issues Nike created the Nike Environmental Action Team (NEAT) in the year 2000. There are more than 100 corporate responsibility managers at work in Nike at present and there are over 1000 production managers working across the globe. An ethics audit deals with the manner in which the ethical practices and procedures adopted by a company can be assessed. On a professional basis the ethical standards have moved from being comprehensive to being more detailed.

Politics Involving the Media, And Reasons the Media Is Used as a Prime Essay

Politics Involving the Media, And Reasons the Media Is Used as a Prime Outlet for Reaching the Public And How It Works - Essay Example This essay stresses that people are the most important consumers of information in the media. Therefore, they often develop content that can suit their interests and those of people that give it revenues by airing their agenda. In this case, they often do not put major emphasis on encouraging communication and other forms of information sharing. They are least concerned with strengthening public dialogue or facilitating the process of formulating common decisions. This can be achieved if the media can decide to be objective in the process of framing their news and other episodic events. in as much as the functions of the media remains to be education, the public will always remain to be perceived as passive participants and active consumers of the news and other kinds of information from the media This paper makes a conclusion that the media is an important tool by which people often get information that enhances their decision-making skills. The media plays a big role in the process of creating and sustaining the democratic process in countries. By providing this information, people can make their decisions concerning various political agenda. Politics are an important aspect of governance in the growth of the democratic processes in countries. The media has a role to play as far as creating and reporting on the issues and political agenda.

HIS-102-Western Civ Post 1689 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

HIS-102-Western Civ Post 1689 - Assignment Example It is also important to note that parliamentary monarchy is bound to constructional provisions of the state, but there are power exceptions in the event of constitutional crisis (Witmer 42). United Kingdom is a good example of a parliamentary monarch. Political absolutism is organized like a monarchy, but political power is unlimited and centralized to the ruler. In other words, the political leader has authority over the state. Absolutism lacks constitutional provisions, thereby directing governance and leadership to the discretion of the political leader. Examples of absolutism include Nazi Germany and North Korea’s political system. In most cases, political absolutism exhibits critical practices of dictatorship. In a parliamentary monarchy, one family could dominate the monarch for centuries while elective positions are shared by the legislature. On the other hand, political absolutism is likely to result in the violation of human rights. In this respect, a parliamentary monarchy is better than political absolutism because it is constitutional in

Curcumin Rich Diet Lowers The Incidence Of Breast Cancer Essay

Curcumin Rich Diet Lowers The Incidence Of Breast Cancer - Essay Example Curcumin, (diferuloylmethane), the yellow pigment extracted from the rhizoma of Curcuma longa, has been expected to posses therapeutic or preventive value for several cancers because of its antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anticancerous effects (Maheshwari et al., 2006) Cancer incidence rate comparing the breast and prostate cancer incidence in US and India is presented in the Table 1. Date from GLOBOCAN 2000 is a unique software program which provides access to information on the incidence and prevalence of, and mortality from 26 major cancers for all the countries in the world in 2000. Thus, the cancer incidence, in people from US, is for people who don’t consume curcumin, whereas the cancer incidence, in people from India, is for people who consume curcumin.... 2. P (eat curcumin and don't get breast cancer) = P (eat curcumin) P (don't get breast cancer) = 1000000/2000000 999921/2000000 = 0.5 0.4999605 = 0.24998025. The number of people who eat curcumin and don't get breast cancer is P (don't eat curcumin and don't get breast cancer) total number of people = 0.24998025 2000000 = 499960.5 3. P (don't eat curcumin and get breast cancer) = P (don't eat curcumin) P (get breast cancer) = 1000000/2000000 660/2000000 = 0.5 0.00033 = 0.000165. The number of people who don't eat curcumin and get breast cancer is P (don't eat curcumin and get breast cancer) total number of people = 0.000165 2000000 = 330 4. P (don't eat curcumin and don't get breast cancer) = P (don't eat curcumin) P (don't get breast cancer) = 1000000/2000000 999340/2000000 = 0.5 0.49967 = 0.249835. The number of people who eat curcumin and don't get breast cancer is P(don't eat curcumin and don't get breast cancer) total number of people = 0.249835 2000000 = 499670 We place the values obtained in this table: (this is our null distribution) Breast cancer No Breast cancer Total Curcumin Yes (India) 39.5 499960.5 500000 No (USA) 330 499670 500000 Total 369.5 999630.5 1000000 Using the formula, where Oi is observed numbers or frequency and Ei is what we expect if there is no dependence between the 2 variables. we get, 2 = (79-39.5)2/39.5 + (999921-499960.5)2 / 499960.5 + (660-330)2 / 330 + (999340-499670)2 / 499670 = 1000000 The larger the value of 2 , the worse the fit To see whether this number is significant we calculate the p-value. p-value = P(2 > a specific value | model is correct) In this case, the specific value

Paradigm Shift and the Evolving Corrections Environment Essay

Paradigm Shift and the Evolving Corrections Environment - Essay Example Management of correctional facilities has no option but to embrace new management techniques in response to evolving issues in correctional facilities. Managers should adapt to new technological advancements especially in technologies aimed at making management easier. Whereas sociological and psychological behavior of inmates has changed with time, (Gladwin, McConnell, & Phillips, 2014) inmate management should go a notch higher as well. However, more importantly, the organizational structure of correctional facilities should be as dynamic as the challenges facing these institutions. It is worth considering that correctional facilities do not work in isolation. Therefore, internal management should work in tandem with other related institutions such as government, judiciary, procurement, IT, and other agencies. A change in any of the related institutions can have an adverse effect on managing correctional facility if it finds a static management not ready for paradigm shift. Whereas a paradigm shift provides opportunities for growth and development, it also poses challenges of uncertainties and backlashes. However, it can be argued that a carefully articulated paradigm shift is much better than a conservative non-dynamic system. This is worthwhile considering private correctional facilities have recorded better management practices compared to state owned

Overall the united nations has been effective in resolving Essay

Overall the united nations has been effective in resolving international effects - Essay Example at had previously failed and could not provide the world with an assurance and protection against the jingoist intentions and objectives of the certain few. However, despite the large number of fears and insecurity felt, the United Nations has delivered on many fronts. This can be assessed in the context of the wars averted, the social developmental structural working and other humanitarian activities and functions on the legal domain that has given United Nations some respect and respite as compared to the predecessor entity of League of Nations. This paper looks into the accomplishments and successes of the United Nations organization. The very fact that the global community has been protected from the occurrence of another major global event of the form of World War One or World War Two speaks volumes of the success of United Nations Organization. League of Nations in contrast could not prevent this and in a span of merely two decades, the world was dragged into a war that was more catastrophic and more horrific than the first one. Hence this comes as an essentially established success of United Nations organization and its effective existence. One of the hallmarks of United Nations working is the peace keeping force. On many occasions the peace keeping forces have been deployed for the purpose of restoring peace in the war hit zones. The peace keeping forces comprise of the member nations who provide their specialized and skilled military personnel who under the banner and flag of United Nations aim at restoring peace. There are number of major conflicts and events where United Nations has successfully engaged peace keeping forces. These include peace keeping missions to Bosnia, Cambodia, Sierra Leone, Kosovo and Haiti to name a few. Liberia is one prime example that has directly been assisted by United Nations towards reconstruction and rehabilitation process after it was hit with severe challenges in the wake of social and economic troubles faced. United

The discovery of DNA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The discovery of DNA - Essay Example The two strands of the helix run in opposite directions (1 â€Å"up† and 1 â€Å"down†). The inner edges of the helices are formed by the nitrogenous bases and they run in pairs. Adenine pairs with thymine with 2 hydrogen bonds and cytosine pairs with guanine with 3 hydrogen bonds (Murray et al, 2007). Though this can dictate side-to-side pairing, there is no clue about the order along the molecule. According to Watson and Crick, the variety in genetic code can be due to the variability along the molecule. DNA replicates itself through ‘semi-conservative’ replication. The DNA molecule first unzips and new matching bases are added to create new molecules of DNA. Thus each new molecule of DNA has one ‘old’ strand and one ‘new’ strand (Murray et al, 2007). The discovery history of DNA can be dated back to 1870s and 1890s when mitosis and meiosis were discovered. In 1928, Frederick Griffiths experiment on pneumonia bacteria and mice hinted that DNA was the genetic code material. In 1952, Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase performed an experiment on viruses and hinted that viral genetic code material was DNA and not protein capsid. In the early 1950s, Rosalind Franklin attempted to figure out the structure of DNA using bouncing back of X-rays but failed. However, she had some photographs of DNA crystallography and from these photographs, James Watson and Francis Crick determined that the structure of DNA was double helix. The duo received Nobel prize for this in 1962 (Biology education, 1996). DNA is present in the chromosomes of most of the living beings. The human genome approximately has 3 billion base pairs of DNA which are arranged in the 23 pairs of chromosomes. Sequence pieces of DNA form genes which carry vital information. The genetic information is achieved by complementary base pairing. Transmission, transcription and translation are the steps involved in transmission of

Culture Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

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Great Critical Thinkers Essay Example for Free

Great Critical Thinkers Essay Immanuel Kant 1724 – 1804 Kant was the last influential philosopher of the modern Europe. He became famous for his theory of knowledge during the Enlightenment. Kan’ts thought was very influential in Germany during his life, moving philosophy beyond debate between nationalists and empiricists. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi 1869 1948 Ghandi was the pre-eminent political and spiritual leader of india during the the Indian independence battle with Britain. He pioneered Satyagraha , resistance to tyranny through mass civil disobedience, a philosophy firmly founded upon ahimsa, or total nonviolence! This concept helped India to gain independence, and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. He is officially honoured in India as the Father of the Nation!. Was cruelly assassinated during his daily meditation. Sigmund Freud 1856 1939 Freud is best known for his theories of the unconscious mind and the defense mechanism of repression,and for creating the clinical practice of psychoanalysis for treating psychopotology.He was early neurological researcher into cerebral function. Freud’s work remains influential in clinical approaches, and in the humanities and social sciences. He is considered one of the most outstanding thinkers of the first half of 20th century, in terms of originality and intellectual influence.Steve wozniak with Steve jobs and Ronald Wayne.Their inventions and machines are credited with contributing significantly to the personal computer revolution of the 1970’s. Edwin Hubble changed the way we see our universe! By demonstrating the existence of galaxies other than our own, the milky way. He is also famous for his Hubble LAW, and helped establish that the universe is expanding.

Breach of Contract Case Study

Breach of Contract Case Study JIGAR NAROLA       Contract breach is a breach when two parties or individuals are entitled to certain condition on working together and one of the party breaks them or does not abide to the condition. In a contract breach the innocent party can file a lawsuit against the defendant. There are a lot of case where there is a breach of contract, such cases are first handled by the trail court and later can be fought in the court of appeal if either of the parties are not satisfied with the decisions of the trail court and then if may also go further to a higher court. The U.S. court system is: An example of a case of breach of contract is the case of jerrys Hardware, L.L.C. v. Hillcrest Partners, No. 14-1625, 2015 Iowa App. LEXIS 654 (July 22, 2015) Jerrys Hardware, L.L.C. v. Hillcrest Partners In this case Jerry hardware, plaintiff, enter and signed a lease agreement were Hillcrest Partners agreed to lease a commercial space that they were planning to build. Hillcrest partners agreed to build the commercial space according to Jerrys hardwares requirements. Jerrys hardware informed Hillcrest that they were buying inventor, fixtures and electronic for the store at the rate of $100,000. Hillcrest partners neve started the construction as they were not able to acquire the required finance. The attorney of Jerrys hardware sent two letter to the defendant requesting information and explanation regarding the delay and stating that they were not interesting in terminating the contract. The second letter included the items and the loss which the plaintiff has incurred due to the failure of the defendant. Hillcrest partners did not answer any of the letters and they were also not interested in terminating the lease. To reduce the amount of loss, the plaintiff leased another complex for its store. The new location was less visiblw and it required a large amount of renovation and upgrades. It also required an upgrade in the electrical system and the paint system. The plaintiff later found that the equipment he purchased in 2010 were not up to the requirement in 2012. Later, in 2013, Jerrys Hardware files a lawsuit against Hillcrest for breach of contract. After a bench trail the court , the court found that the defendant had breached the contract and awarded the plaintiff an amount of $100,444.77 in unexpected damages, cost of new electrical systems and new paint system and the amount of new equipments. Court of Appeals Decision:       After the decision in the of the trail court, the defendant registered in the court of appeal. The court of appeal supported the decision of the trail court. The defendant argued that the contract was not enforceable as they were not able to attain finances, which was one of the condition precedent in the contract. The court of appeal stated that the contract was enforceable, the court found that keeping in mind the other conditions in the contract, nonfulfillment of condition percent only gave the defendant to terminate the contract by giving a written notice to the plaintiff, and as the defendant did not choose the option to terminate the contract, the contract was still valid. But, the court of appeal made a change in the decision that the defendant was not liable to pay for the plaintiffs damage of the property which was in the storage because it was the plaintiffs responsibility to store in a storage where Conclusion of the case: The case was a twist as condition precedent were not the condition precedent at all, in fact they were overruled due to other conditions in the contract. The district court did not abuse its discretion in its determinations on Hillcrests multiple motions to continue the trial. The court properly determined the lease agreement was enforceable between the parties. When an individual or a business is involved in a breach in contract it is liable to and entitled to provide remedy to the the non-breaching individual or business. There are different types of remedies: Damages- This is the most common remedy for a breach of contract. The breaching party has to pay the sum of loss amount of the damage incurred by the non-breaching party due to their conduct. There are many kinds of damages. Compensatory damages, is when the non-breaching party is kept in a position same as if the breach had not been occurred. Punitive damage, are the damage that the breaching party must pay to the non-breaching party in full. This remedy is used when the breach is done in wrong full manner. Nominal damage, is the remedy in which the breach party has to pay a nominal amount and no actual loss is made by the non-breaching party. Liquidated damages, are the damages that were identified by the parties in their contract. Specific performance- This remedy is used when damages are not adequate to as a remedy. In specific performance, the breaching party is order to fulfill their duty as mentioned in the contract. This remedy is used when the issue of money does not matter in the contract such as contract for selling a property and later the seller refuses, the court can order the seller and compel him to sell the house as per the contract. Cancellation and restitution- Restitution as a remedy mean that the non-breaching party is put back in a positon that it was in prior to the contract and cancellation means that both the parties are free for the obligations of the contract. In the case of Jerrys Hardware, L.L.C. v. Hillcrest Partners the remdy that was used was the remedy of damages. There a few things that the defendant must have considered to avoid a lawsuit for breach of contract, Hillcrest should have not signed a contract until and unless they were not sure of their finance. Signing a contract without their finance increased their risk of breaching it and secondly they should have replies to the letters that were send to them by jerrs attorney. References Two Iowa Breach of Contract Cases, Two Judgments for Plaintiffs | Center for Agricultural Law and Taxation. (2015, July 23). Retrieved March 01, 2017, from https://www.calt.iastate.edu/article/two-iowa-breach-contract-cases-two-judgments-plaintiffs JERRYS HARDWARE, L.L.C., Plaintiff-Appellee/Cross-Appellant, vs. HILLCREST PARTNERS, a general partnership, CHARLES A. RUHL JR., and STEVEN FRY, Defendant-Appellants/Cross-Appellees. (n.d.). Retrieved March 01, 2017, from http://law.justia.com/cases/iowa/court-of-appeals/2015/14-1625.html Breach of Contract and Lawsuits. (n.d.). Retrieved March 01, 2017, from http://smallbusiness.findlaw.com/business-contracts-forms/breach-of-contract-and-lawsuits.html Breach of Contract Case Study Breach of Contract Case Study MOHANA DIGHE ISSUE- Washington (January 6, 2016, 4:14 PM EST) A driver for Uber hit the ride-offering organization to a claim a breach of contract in California government court, affirming in a proposed class activity that Uber neglected to pay drivers the winter advancement as per its reported tenets in the advertisement. Kimberly Berger claims that Uber did not pay California drivers the full rates they were guaranteed under the organizations Winter Warmup advancement, which ensured least rates to taking an interest drivers who met an arrangement of conditions. As indicated by the grumbling, the advancement ensured drivers least hourly rates for specific periods on the off chance that they acknowledged no less than 90 percent of excursions, arrived at the midpoint of no less than one trek a hour and were online for no less than 50 minutes of consistently worked. The base hour rates extended from $16 every hour to $26 every hour, in view of the day and age, as indicated by the grievance. The most astounding hour rates secured Friday and Saturday evenings. The suit claims Berger, and different drivers in the proposed class, met the states of the Winter Warmup advancement however were not paid the guaranteed rates. In particular, the suit claims, Uber paid the expenses as a normal gross hourly rate rather than a base rate for every hour. The organization likewise subtracted expenses from the promoted rates, the suit claims. Therefore, the genuine hourly rates for pinnacle, normal, and nonpeak hours, were $20, $12, and $10 every hour, and not the $26, $20, and $16 every hour promoted, the suit affirms. Berger claims the instalment hones broke Ubers agreement with its drivers and furthermore constituted unjustifiable business hones under California state law. Berger is looking for unspecified harms for the benefit of herself and the proposed class, lawyers charges and an assertion that Ubers instalment rehearses for the advancement abuse California state law. She requested that the judge confirm a class of Uber drivers in California that took part in the advancement. The suit did not determine how vast Berger expects the class will be. The organization asserts its drivers are self employed entities, not workers, which a class of drivers have debated in a different claim. Uber approached a month ago for a stay in that claim while the organization requests the courts current deciding that its 2014 and 2015 discretion understandings are unenforceable. Uber did not instantly react to a demand for input (Uber Driver Says Co. Breached Promotion Contract Law360). Use of Agreement Law- (a) APPLICABLE BREACH OR VIOLATION This segment applies if there should be an occurrence of break or infringement of a portrayal or stipulation incorporated into an agreement under area 6502 of this title. (b)LIQUIDATED DAMAGES notwithstanding harms for some other break of the agreement, the gathering in charge of a rupture or infringement depicted in subsection (an) is obligated to the National Government for the accompanying sold harms: (1) A sum equivalent to the total of $10 every day for every person under 16 years old and each imprisoned individual intentionally utilized in the execution of the agreement. (2) A sum equivalent to the entirety of every underpayment of wages due a representative occupied with the execution of the agreement, including any underpayments emerging from derivations, discounts, or discounts. (c)CANCELLATION AND ALTERNATIVE COMPLETION Notwithstanding the Central Government being qualified for harms depicted in subsection (b), the office of the Unified States that made the agreement may scratch off the agreement and make open-showcase buys or make different contracts for the culmination of the first contract, charging any extra cost to the first temporary worker. (d) RECOVERY OF AMOUNTS DUE.- A sum due the Central Government on account of a break or infringement depicted in subsection (a) might be withheld from any sums owed the contractual worker under any agreement under area 6502 of this title or might be recuperated in a suit brought by the Lawyer General. (e)EMPLOYEE REMBURISMENT FOR UNDERPAYMENT OF WAGES.- A sum withheld or recuperated under subsection (d) that depends on an underpayment of wages as depicted in subsection (b)(2) should be held in an uncommon store account. On request of the Secretary, the sum might be paid straightforwardly to the come up short on worker on whose record the sum was withheld or recuperated. Be that as it may, a representatives claim for installment under this subsection might be engaged just if made inside one year from the date of genuine notice to the temporary worker of the withholding or recuperation. REMEDIES FOR BREACH OF CONTRACT- Equitable Remedies   Equitable Remedies are those that are forced when cash harms would not enough cure the non-breaking party. The accompanying sorts of fair cures might be accessible in the given case:   Particular Execution Particular execution is a request by the court that requires the breaking gathering to do the agreement as it was initially composed. This kind of cure is uncommon. In any case, it might be requested in specific conditions. For instance, particular execution might be forced when the topic is one of a kind, for example, an acclaimed painting or a particular bit of property. Courts are reluctant to request particular execution since it requires the progressing observing by the court of the agreement. Rescission Rescission of the agreement is a cure that permits the non-breaking gathering to wipe out his or her duties under the agreement. This cure may be accessible when the agreement depended on misrepresentation or an error by either of the gatherings. It is additionally accessible if both sides like to scratch off the agreement and give back any cash that had been progressed as a feature of the agreement. Reorganization Reorganization permits two gatherings to change an agreement so that it all the more precisely reflects what the gatherings plan. This cure requires that the agreement be substantial. It might be accessible when one of the gatherings had a mixed up comprehension about a material term of the agreement.   Legitimate Cures Legitimate cures regularly appear as money related harms that are granted to help make the blameless party entirety. A few cases of legitimate cures are examined underneath. Compensatory Harms Compensatory harms are those that are intended to remunerate the non-breaking party for the rupture. These incorporate desire harms and considerable harms. Desire harms are those that give the non-rupturing party the money related assets that he or she would have gotten had the agreement been performed. These harms are normally in view of the agreement itself or the honest estimation of the topic of the agreement. For instance, compensatory harms might be the sum vital for the non-breaking gathering to buy a substitute item that is proportional to the one contracted for. In the event that the agreement was for an offer of merchandise, compensatory harms are generally the contrast between the agreement cost and the market estimation of the products. These harms likewise comprise of the costs important to make the non-rupturing party entire after the break, for example, promoting costs to publicize the items that the breaking party neglected to pay for. Be that as it may, the non-rupturing party by and large has an obligation to relieve his or her misfortunes. Significant harms are those harms that repay the guiltless party for backhanded costs that came about because of the break. They regularly result from uncommon conditions that are included in the agreement that may not be normally unsurprising. For instance, a honest gathering may approach to be repaid for the loss of business benefits that got from not having admittance to the fundamental materials to create an item for an outsider. All together for the honest party to get these harms, he or she should demonstrate that this misfortune was sensibly predictable to both sides when they composed the agreement and the misfortune was an immediate consequence of the break. Liquidation Harms In a few contracts, particular harms are pre-decided. These harms are called exchanged harms. They are normally some portion of agreements where it is hard to decide the real sum that a gathering was harmed because of a break, for example, a rupture of an agreement not to contend. Reformatory Harms Reformatory harms are intended to rebuff a blameworthy gathering keeping in mind the end goal to keep that gathering or others from taking part in comparative direct later on. Be that as it may, corrective harms more often than not require a more grounded goal than is essential in standard rupture of agreement cases. For instance, to be granted reformatory harms, an offended party may host to demonstrate that the rupturing gathering acted in a noxious or fake matter. A few states particularly restrict offended parties from recuperating correctional harms on break of agreement cases. Lawyer Expenses and Expenses The common party in a break of agreement case might have the capacity to gather lawyer charges and costs that he or she caused keeping in mind the end goal to realize lawful activity. A few states just permit these harms on the off chance that they are particularly accommodated in the agreement (hg.org).

Practitioner roles in supporting learning through play

Practitioner roles in supporting learning through play This essay will identify how adults can support learning through play and will analyse the value of this approach. It will consider historical and current perspectives of child development. The key areas of discussion will be learning through role play and supporting children with additional needs. It will recognise the importance of symbolic play, contingent response and the use of sustained shared thinking. Historically children were perceived in different ways, from evil and wicked to innocent and easily corrupted. Childhood has been constructed and reconstructed. (James Prout 1997:7) The behaviourist approach, views the child as a blank slate conditioned through external factors and places an emphasis on step by step learning. Psychologists such as Watson and Skinner considered children to learn by experiences given by adults to shape or mould them. Practitioners need to explain the boundaries for behaviour to children for them to encourage self control and enable them to think about their behaviour. Giving time out has been seen to discourage this. (Bruce 2005:47) The Nativist approach believes that children are pre programmed and will unfold in their development. (Bruce 2005:3) This approach sees the adult role as a facilitator offering help but not controlling learning. Rousseaus approach can be seen in todays view of adults observing and monitoring the early learning goals. He suggested that play was instinctive. The interactionist approach views children as partly pre programmed and partly blank slates. Kant originated this approach, and believed the adults role in supporting learning was to provide a suitable learning environment to explore. He also states that adults should supervise and assist when required. This view can be seen through the curriculum today which offers both adult led and child led activities. The importance of interactions between children and adults, through sustained shared thinking, is highlighted in projects like EPPE (2003) as discussed in child and childhoods. The different approaches discussed can be seen to have had an impact in practice throughout todays education, it is important that practitioners have a good knowledge of these approaches in order to understand how best to support learning. Historically all children play unless there are factors that prevent them from doing so, such as childrens health or living conditions. During the 18th Century children were sent to work, so would have had little time to play, however, this does not mean they did not. Play in the 1920s was a form of relaxation which was considered to be practice for life. (Bruce 2005). More recent thinking understands play as problem solving and creativity. Play underpins the delivery of the statutory framework for the Early Years Foundation Stage, which aims to help children achieve the five Every Child Matters outcomes of staying safe, being healthy, enjoying and achieving, making a positive contribution and achieving economic well being. (Dfes 2007:7) It suggests the role of the practitioner is one of observing and using the information gained to plan for childrens next steps in learning. Children need a challenging and interesting environment with a balance of adult led and child initiated activities, in order to problem solve and investigate through their play. It is the practitioners role to create and maintain this environment so that children develop their communication and creative skills. Childrens achievements are collected over time and learning diaries are produced, unlike the EYFS profiles (2003) these diaries have no emphasis put on testing children. Montessoris approach values the child, the environment and the teacher. She believed children were spontaneous learners needing adult support during periods of development. She stated the adults role was to ensure that the environment provides for the developmental needs of each individual child; observation serves as the key tool for establishing these developmental needs (Isaacs 2007:13) She believed in scaffolding childrens learning. In her opinion the role of the adult was to consider health and safety in the provision and to provide defined spaces for learning experiences and problem solving activities. She considered the child could lose their freedom if adults were too communicative with them. She stated that practitioners needed to have a sound understanding of child development and an ability to understand the need for real life experiences. Although her approach gives time for children to explore with little adult intervention she considered play to be unnecessary, believing toys were tools to enable learning. Her approach however, contrasts with the views of the EYFS, which states the importance of learning through play and the significance of social interactions between adults and children. Bruner suggests that good practitioners tune into the incipient intention of the child and act accordingly. (Bruce 2001:53) suggesting the childs developing plan or aim should be observed and then supported and encouraged. He values play and considers that when children play with other children this emphasises the importance of social and emotional well being and interactions. He stresses the importance of turn taking and social rules. He states that in a role play situation children are able to use problem solving and increase in language acquisition. He experimented using two groups; one being taught, the other playing and concluded that the group allowed to play outperformed the taught group as they were able to explore and problem solve. He views the adult role as scaffolding the child through their development by starting where the child is and supporting them to move on. A more recent view by Moyles (2001) considers there are emotional, physical and intellectual values in supporting learning through play. She describes four principles of play, as being functional, constructive, rule governed and socio-dramatic. In a recent study she found that effective practitioners are able to use their knowledge to support childrens learning by building on what children can do and by evaluating the process of observations and planning for next steps. She states that children should be supported in their play and practitioners should value the input by parents. It is important to be clear that play is not in place of planning, or indeed an easy option. Teachers TV discusses how practitioners should inform parents about the importance of play and how childrens learning can be supported. Practitioners need to communicate with children in ways they understand, if children feel secure and relaxed they will become active learners who develop independence. Adult support in Early Years education is important in that it may be the first time a child has played alongside others, Key people offer support to children and their families during their time at pre schools and work in partnership to inform planning and extend a childs interests and learning. The 1967 Plowden report considers the individual child and building on what they already know and understand. It states practitioners should have a flexible approach to the curriculum and monitor the environment. It states that play is central to childrens growth and development. The report is critical of testing and figures, stating not assume that only what is measurable is valuable. However, in 1976 the curriculum was shaped by political forces which discarded the child centred opinion of the Plowden report. The Thatcher years produced good test results in schools and with it the added pressures from OFSTED to use league tables and highlight results. New labour continued with this by introducing the literacy and numeracy hour. It was not until 20 years later that child centred education was highlighted again. The Rumbold report (Des 1990) states play as being an important part in childrens learning, and states that practitioners need to be sensitive and know when to intervene and become involved in childrens play. It states that children should be given time to play. Practitioners should watch children and use these observations to inform planning for assessment and extend learning. (Macleod-Brudenell 2004:227) In order to achieve this, the adult needs to plan the environment so children can explore, practice ideas, interact, take risks, think imaginatively, express anxieties or fears and communicate with others. Steiner considers the whole child, and believes that an important factor in childrens development is the social interactions children have with others. Through play he believes children can develop their feelings and ideas and make good relationships with others. He believes the adult should be supportive and not to use play as a tool to get a pre determined outcome as it will de prive children of freedom to choose open ended creative play. He states the adults role is to teach by example not instruction. Froebel considered the natural, spiritual, emotional and intellectual aspects of child development and states the important factor is to begin where the learner is (Bruce 2005 :26) He believed that through play the adult can observe what is needed to support and extend learning. However, Froebels work could be criticised because he limited his research to boys. He states that play is central to pedagogy. Froebel made a distinction between play and work and considers play is what children are involved in when they initiate the task and work is what they do when they fulfil a task required by an adult (Bruce 2005:19) Which shows that when a child is asked to do complete something by an adult, it means the child loses possession of their original idea. Role play can happen anywhere and is unrestrictive and impulsive. It is important for children to be able to imitate and explore the world around them. Children can be imaginative and creative in their play and escape into fantasy worlds. Children interact with each other and often play above their actual age, as suggested by Vygotsky. (MacLeod-Brudenell 2004:213) Practitioners should offer props to promote role play and through observing and supporting will have an understanding of when to become involved in their play. Inclusive practice involves practitioners offering ideas and asking open ended questions to extend childrens learning, communication and language skills. Research shows that sustained shared thinking is important in extending childrens learning and by practitioners having a special partnership with children in their settings. (EYFS 4.3) Therefore in order for the children to learn through role play adults need to respect and value the childrens play and consider the childs ideas and interests. As Inclusion is paramount to practice practitioners should be aware of discriminatory play and intervene sensitively if encountered. Sustained shared thinking is the process of working together to develop ideas and enable children to make connections in their learning. By using sustained shared thinking in play the adult can support the childs thought process. Through an awareness of the childs interests the practitioner can offer encouragement and ask open ended questions to support and extend learning. Piaget, a constructivist, considered how children played for enjoyment, and believed children assimilate or incorporate new knowledge with what they already know. This absorbing of experiences is described as schema, where patterns of repeated behaviour help the child learn. He believed children had to work through stages to learn, where they could experiment and explore. He suggested older children no longer need play as have developed abstract thinking. This view can be seen in todays education associated with key stages, where more emphasis has been given to play in the Early Years Foundation Stage. The National curriculum and EYFS reflect the Governments strategies to enable all children to access a relevant and balanced curriculum. (Moyles 2007:4) Since 1995 the law states children have to be assessed at age 7 and aged 11 and throughout the Early Years practitioners complete assessment files based on the early learning goals. Learning matters criticises Piagets approach by stating he may have lacked knowledge of the social impact, as children who are from different cultures, gender, race or social classes may need help to learn. Recent research into perspectives used in Early Years education has shown that there is a significant lack of information concerning learning through a childs viewpoint. Lindon, (2001) states practitioners should value the opinions of children and be more receptive to their views. More recent thinking by Chris Athey (1990) a constructivist, considers that schemas help children think for themselves and can be used to support and extend learning through play. She states practitioners should work in partnership with parents in sharing experiences and childrens interests. She believes children are active learners. http://www.nurseryworld.co.uk/news/719740/Train-thought (15/1/10) Vygotskys zone of proximal development considered that in play children behave beyond their age. He believed children learn more from child initiated play as he believed children set their own levels in control of learning (Bruce 2005: 64). He understood the need for an environment that had clear boundaries for children, with adults who respond effectively and help children to think for themselves. He suggests play to have the skills children need to reach their potential. He believes children acquire language and learn through role play and through social and cultural interactions, stating the role of the adult is through guidance. Learning matters is critical of Vygotsky s views of zones as they consider them to be vague in their definitions. It is understood that the zones describe the adults role in supporting and extending what the child can do. Research has shown that children develop through adults interacting with them. Adults can support learning through contingent response where adults react sensitively to childrens behaviour. Children are seen to benefit from the social and emotional contacts with adults. Practitioners should actively respond to childrens positive behaviour and play giving praise and approval. Through the use of books, media and use appropriate language and communication practitioners support play and extend learning. It has been suggested by Postman that Childhood is disappearing, children have less freedom and less places to play. TV and computer technology has advanced and children are encouraged by their parents to stay in because of parental fear for their childrens safety. However, the Governments play strategy intends to improve and develop play facilities throughout the country. Practitioners should observe and use their knowledge to plan and provide for all individual children. Children who have any additional need which may include disability or a condition that affects their learning or development may need extra help within the provision. The Childrens Act of 1989 discusses that practitioners need to identify in need children, support their development and enable all children to participate in all areas within the provision. (Bruce 2005:40). The Act states that, children in need be categorised according to their specific needs. Early years Action is based on existing knowledge within the provision. If external support is needed the child is considered to be Early Years Action Plus. Therefore, practitioners need to be able to identify and support children. Individual play plans are useful in considering intended learning objectives and desired outcomes over a short period. Through play, practitioners can identify a childs interests, adapt the environment and modify activities to support the child. With support from parents the childs development can be monitored and reviewed. It is important to monitor and evaluate the curriculum linking this with childrens individual progress. Practitioners support children by formative assessment, whereby they collect information about individual children over a period of time, and summative assessment where they bring everything learnt about each child and decide on their next steps in learning. It is important that practitioners working with other professionals communicate and share information regarding children with additional needs. Children with Autism need more adult support within a provision to enable them to learn through play. The practitioner can use symbolic play to help the child develop skills needed to extend learning, as children with autism do not tend to use pretend play they use functional or repetitive play. The adults role is very important in helping the child to focus and become motivated. The practitioner can teach social skills by involving other children in play. It is important that practitioners offer resources that promote symbolic play throughout the provision. Play therapists use symbolic play to help children cope with fears or problems, as they are able to express feelings. Research evidence shows that childrens level of involvement in an activity is an indicator of their current levels of learning and development. (Moyles 2006) However, it is important that information is collected by multiple professionals before any judgements are made. The reflective practitioner considered how an over stimulating environment as stated by Elizabeth Jarman has an adverse effect on childrens learning. Therefore practitioners need to provide an environment that is accessible for all children and is interesting and enjoyable. Through quality improvement the provision is monitored and checked to see if the Every Child Matters outcomes are covered in planning. Practitioners who regularly reflect on practice and keep up to date with research can make improvements to how observations and planning is done and therefore extend childrens learning and development through play. Recent studies have shown how observations are useful in interpreting behaviours and understanding interests. (Maynard 2009:207) It considered what children like to explore and time spent at activities, as well as the social interactions and attachments made. Although target setting and literacy and numeracy strategies have meant there are more pressures put on teaching staff and children, it has been researched that less emphasis should be put on measurable results, tick charts and making children complete activities to get results. Practitioners now observe and use these observations to inform individual planning to extend a childs learning through play. Good quality teaching occurs when there is a good knowledge of how to observe play, knowing when to intervene and how to interact to extend learning. Through quality improvement the provision is monitored to make sure the Every Child Matters Outcomes are covered in planning. In conclusion play and the adults role in supporting learning through play has extremely important benefits for childrens happiness, physical, cognitive and social development. Childcare settings should be welcoming, have sufficient resources, practitioners should be good role models and allow children time for uninterrupted play. (Bruce 2001) Research has shown that interrupting childrens play affects cooperation and social interactions. (Broadhead 2004:3) Play can happen anywhere and is unrestrictive and impulsive. Children concentrate for long periods in their play, if given time to do so. Through play children can relax and let their imaginations create anything they choose. It is known children are active learners, who learn best when allowed to become deeply involved in their chosen activities. To become independent learners practitioners should let children investigate and problem solve for themselves. (Whitebread 2003:17) With highly qualified and experienced practitioners guiding and supporting them they can experiment and develop skills needed to help them move on in their learning. Practitioners should be good role models as suggested by Owen, who nurture children and provide a stimulating environment which is free flow. Trained practitioners are aware of the individual needs of the children in their care and understand the importance of play based learning. It is therefore, the role of the practitioner to plan, support, intervene when necessary and extend childrens learning. (Macleod-Brudenell 2004:50) Practitioners who regularly monitor the provision reflect upon theories and choose which seem fit for purpose as they extend learning as learning matters describes, practitioners should consider sometimes pointing out new horizons, sometimes setting a challenge, sometimes gently guiding and sometimes leaving well alone Therefore, the practitioner has multiple roles in supporting learning through play. They are described as being facilitators enabling learning to happen. They scaffold and support learning and development. They provide an encouraging environment for learning to occur and are able to adapt responsively to the needs of individual children. However, they should have regard for maintaining a balance of adult and child led activities. It is important for practitioners to understand how children learn and the significance of theoretical approaches. They should also realise the importance of emphasising play.

Latin jazz orchestra Essay -- essays research papers

If I were to use one word to describe the â€Å"Afro-Latin Jazz Orchestra† that word would be astonishing. At first, hearing that I was required to attend a Jazz concert I was completely turned off. I am very closed minded and automatically thought to myself that the kind of music would be dreadful. That is not the case anymore. This genre of music is amusing and very pleasing to the ears. The band members are some of the most talented musicians that I ever saw or heard.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Standing room tickets were sold out when we arrived at Mc Carter Theater. For ten dollars we purchased box seats right near the stage. My friend Kevin and I were thrilled with our seats which allowed the beat view of the whole stage. The theater it self was beautiful. The stage was set up well with nice a nice lighting. The entire band consisted of eighteen musicians. There were seventeen males and one female. In the front of the stage was the pianist and director Arturo O’ Farril. Also in the front was the musician on bongos. To the left of the stage was the saxophone players and to the right the trombone players. In the rear were the trumpet players with the musician on bass in front of them as well as the drummer. I believe this setup allowed for their superb sound. Over all our seats were incredible and made the performance much more enjoyable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Between songs the pianist and director Arturo O’ Farril would give a short introduction and history behind ...

Essay --

Countless philosophies over centuries have overlooked and undermined the significance of indigenous African religions. Africa is a mainland that has long been shrouded in a cover of misjudging and stigma. The general misguided judgments about Africans are boundless and strike almost every part of African society and social orders incorporating religion. Many of the religions do not write and document everything but rather add more importance to oral history and rituals. Colonization and philosophers like Emile Durkheim have consciously or subconsciously stripped these religions of their value. Durkheim does not believe in animism because scientific laws or morals cannot back it up. Many indigenous African religions believe strongly in spirits and souls that link them to God. The idea of an isolated God does not make the supernatural un-important in Africa religions. Indigenous African indigenous religions share the same teachings like Christianity or Islam and we should not allow European philosophers as well as colonization diminishes its value. It is imperative to note that the soonest distributed perceptions about African Indigenous Religion are discovered in the reports of European voyagers, adventurers, preachers and frontier executors who interacted with the Africans in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Their works were not insightful or efficient studies yet easy perceptions and shallow records intended to speak to western mindset and group of onlookers. According to the film â€Å"50 Years Later† you can grasp an understanding of the image philosophers and Europeans painted about Africans, like in the eighteenth century when Scottish philosopher David Hume said â€Å" I am apt to suspect the Negroes to be naturally inferi... ..., we revealed that regardless of a few collaborations by the ethnic nationalities with drives of imperialism, it is not simple to completely re-make the vision and observation of the individuals. While a few components of their social legacy have changed because of contacts with westernization, some different components that aggregate up into the people’s society have remained to a great extent unblemished, local and unaltered. In any case, pioneer attitude, and introductory biases and negativism have frustrated momentous research and usage for supportable advancement. This work is, hence, a clarion call for profound reflection that religion-social legacy has the limit for organizing deductive improvement generally. Society is crucial to societal improvement. There is underdevelopment in most nations in Africa in light of the fact that the foundations are broken.

Radio :: essays research papers fc

Radio: Making Waves in America Radio-wave technology is one of the most important technologies used by man. It has forever changed the United States and the world, and will continue to do so in the future. Radio has been a communications medium, a recreational device, and many other things to us. When British physicist James Clerk Maxwell published his theory of electromagnetic waves in 1873, he probably never could have envisioned the sorts of things that would come of such a principle. His theory mainly had to do with light waves, but fifteen years later, a German physicist named Heinrich Hertz was able to electrically generate MaxwellÕs ÒraysÓ in his lab. The discovery of these amazing properties, the later invention of a working wireless radio, and the resulting technology have been instrumental to AmericaÕs move into the Information Age. The invention of radio is commonly credited to Guglielmo Marconi, who, starting in 1895, developed the first ÒwirelessÓ radio transmitter and receiver . Working at home with no support from his father, but plenty from his mother, Marconi improved upon the experiments and equipment of Hertz and others working on radio transmission. He created a better radio wave detector or cohere and connected it to an early type of antenna. With the help of his brothers and some of the neighborhood boys he was able to send wireless telegraph messages over short distances. By 1899 he had established a wireless communications link between England and France that had the ability to operate under any weather conditions. He had sent trans-Atlantic messages by late 1901, and later won the Nobel prize for physics in 1909. Radio works in a very complicated way, but hereÕs a more simple explanation than youÕll get from most books: Electromagnetic waves of different wavelengths are produced by the transmitter, and modulations within each wavelength are adjusted to carry ÒencodedÓ information. The receiver, tuned to read the frequency the tr ansmitter is sending on, then takes the encoded information (carried within the wave modulations), and translates it back into the sensory input originally transmitted. Many of the men who pioneered radio had designs for it. Marconi saw it as the best communication system and envisioned instant world-wide communication through the air. David Sarnoff ( later the head of RCA and NBC) had a vision of Òa radio receiver in every homeÓ in 1916, although the real potential of radio wasnÕt realized until after World War I.

How to Buy an Used Car Essay

First of all, when you find a car that you are interested in, you can ask a dealer or an owner about the VIN to learn more about it. The VIN, vehicle identification number, is a unique serial number for every modern car. Basically, it includes a car’s brand, model, years of car, engine type, and many other things. The first digit of the VIN shows the country number and the tenth digit is the year of the car. For example, if the tenth digit is 9, that car is made in 2009. You can also check the vehicle history report with the VIN. This shows how many people have owned a certain vehicle, accident records, and how many times that car has been maintained. This could be the most important for your decision making process, giving you complete peace of mind about the vehicle you are buying or saving you thousands of dollars in unexpected repair costs down the road. It is a good idea to look for another car if those cars have been transferred to others too many times or have been involved in major accidents. KBB (Kelley Blue Book) or CarFax are online companies that offer the most reliable information in the U. S. for checking the VIN. Another thing that you might look at before you buy a used car is the car’s body. It is wise to check out both the interior and exterior in detail. For instance, you can examine the windshield wipers, if the body panel colors match, if there are any scratches or dents, and many other things you can see. Sometimes you can’t find any records of accidents with the VIN if the owner fixed his or her car by himself or herself. When you have a chance to look at a used car, it’s a lot easier to do if the car is clean and dry. If it is dirty, you have to ask the owner to clean it, or you will probably miss something. If the vehicle is clean, you can look at the vehicle from different angles to check if everything looks smooth, straight, and if the paint texture of different panels match. You want to pay a lot of attention to the paint job. Repainting is usually done to remove minor scratches and small areas of cracked paint. It may be found a repair job after a bad accident involving damage. If you are unsure whether or not the car has been repainted, you can simply ask the seller about this problem. If the previous owner or dealer doesn’t give you the answer clearly, you can look for signs such as paint overspray inside door jambs, inside the gas filler cap, on exterior moldings, inside the wheel, on the bumpers, and any other place near the painting spot. However, repainting is not always a sign of previous damage. Some people have their cars repainted for cosmetic reasons, especially if it is an older model. You should not miss that the interior is just as important as the exterior. Take a look at the overall condition of the car. Usually, people will wash the car and vacuum inside of it before they sell it. Even if it is clean, you need to focus on every part that you can see. You might check if there is any water or if there are any oil stains inside. That means there must have been water leaking from the windows, sunroof, or anywhere on the car that is cracked due to rain. It doesn’t look like a big deal, but over time, it will harm a driver’s breathing due to exposure to mold. You also have to be sure all gauges are in the right place and are in working condition. If you notice any part missing, ask what was there and why it was removed. Then, you can turn the ignition to â€Å"ON† to inspect if all gauges and warning lights are operating properly. After inspecting the dashboard, you can check the accessories; the radio, speakers, tape deck or CD player, air conditioner, defroster, horn, mirror adjustment buttons, washer and wiper, all door and window locks, and any other functions you can see. Pay more attention when examining the windows. It is important to check if the windows slide all the way up and down easily because they do not work properly if there is damage inside the door. Finally, mechanical problems are the most important to check up on before you purchase a used vehicle. There are hundreds of things you have to look at, but it is not possible to check every detail within a short period of time and when you are lacking tools. Not every person has the technical capacity of a mechanic. So it is highly recommended to have a used car inspected by a mechanic before purchasing, but it would be costly to do this for every car you are interested in. If you don’t want to bother your mechanic or don’t want to spend money for vehicle inspection, you can do it yourself. The most important thing you have to know about inspecting mechanical issues is finding leaks. Leaking fluid or oil is the most common and worst problem for older models of cars. You can use a flash light to see under the hood and try to find any leak spots. Engine oil, coolant, refrigerant, brake fluid, and power steering fluid are some examples of fluids that may leak. You would also want to look at any other parts connected either rubber or metal hoses. Buying a used car is stressful. It’s like walking through a mine field. Some people are lucky to buy used cars for a good price without any problems and others have serious problems with their cars as soon as they get them. There are so many things to observe when you’re looking for used vehicles. It is hard to know where to begin.

Do Language Help Mould the Way We Think

Do language help mould the way we think? If we all spoke the same language, would we think in the same way? Discuss the issue using examples, details, and your personal experiences of English and your native language. Language is the tool for all of people around the world to communicate with each other; it is a product of human’s creativity which we can consider as the first evolution for the human kind. However, in different place, people use different languages which are differed in many ways: structure, pronunciation, meaning, and way of writing.Base on the Sapir-Whorf theory, language help mould the way we think; specially, the language habits of community. According to my way of thought, the way we think are affected by lots of different things; like education, family’s condition, environment, friends, traditions, †¦ . So, it do that language help to mould the way we think but we would hardly think in the same way even we spoke the same language. By evidence, in Vietnam, we all speak Vietnamese but there are still many different ideas which came out by different people when they are asked about the same topic.To be specific, they have been ask about the globalization, one said that it is all good for Vietnam on the way of development and it would be a big step for Vietnam to reach the high and stable economic which developed countries reached after globalization; others complained that it would make Vietnam losing many tradition and that the young people who are the future of our country would be affected and turned to support the tradition of foreign country; and others said that it would be fine to globalization with a good preparing and controlling by laws and media.Another evidence to prove that issue is that many young people in Vietnam studying English, some of them are really good and are to the levels that they can speak English fluently as American, but they still think in different way with the American. We can see it quite cl ear when we observe the cooperation between Vietnamese and American for example, they usually struggling with different thought about the way of working, the method that Vietnamese use to achieve the purpose usually softly and indirectly, on the other hand, American partners prefer strong and direct way of working.According to Chomsky (1983), language is considered as one aspect of cognition and its development as one aspect of the development of cognition; which means that language is important for people to mould the way of thinking but it’s just one of many aspects that we have to stable the way we think.Besides, a research of Somayyeh Sabah, a doctor from Islamic Azad University, said: â€Å"The relationship between language and thought is not generally posed in the hope that someone will come up with a definite answer†, it shows that even there are times that two or more people who use the same language have same answer or idea, they still indefinitely think in th e same way.For all of evidence that we have consider above, we can conclude that human are separated and each have their own way of thought, and that make the world’s diversity as well as help the world develop. In that process, language help us a lot to build the idea but it is not the only one; so, even we all spoke a same language, there still no chance that we have the same way of thought.

My Accounting Career Goals Essay

Everyone has a dream about future. The picture coming to my mind about my future is so fantastic. I dress up in a professional way and go to my own office in a big company. I am an accounting manager of the company whose employees have paid vacations and many other benefits as well. This dream really attracts me. I graduated from a Chinese college with an accounting major. I’ve worked for many years as an accountant and accounting manager. I have a medium level professional certificate of accounting in China. see more:how to write an essay about your future goals Now I wanted to do the same professional job in the U. S as in China. To chase my dream, I knew that first I needed to improve my English skills. I attend an ESL (English as second language) school to build my English foundation. I studied very hard and tried to improve my English. After two years of study, I successfully completed the ESL courses and received an award for outstanding. Then I finished my associate’s degree in Applied Science in Accounting at St. Louis Community College. I applied and was accepted for the undergraduate program in accounting at University of Missouri in St. Louis for next year. After I get my bachelor’s degree, I will look for a job in accounting field. I would like to work at a big company as accountant or accounting analyst. I will use my skills and my passion to help my company in seeking to maximize profit. I have excellent academic record and rich experiences which makes me a good candidate for the Edward Junes internship. I reached 3. 95 GPA at St.  Louis Community College. I was named to the dean’s list for both summer2010 and spring 2011. I completed 12 credit hours in the honor’s program and I received some awards such as honor’s scholar, award for academic excellence of honors program for 2011, Phi Theta kappa honors award and Who’s who among students in American universities & colleges. I was a volunteer of IRS income tax assistance in St. Louis Community College at Meramec campus. This program offered free tax help for taxpayers who qualify. I learned how to communicate with taxpayers and how to help people to do their tax returns. This was a great experience to me focus on income tax. I worked as an accountant for a Non- Profit Organization called IRAQI Student Project. I set up the new book for the organization in QuickBooks system. I adjusted some accounts that had errors. I recorded every transaction in QuickBooks. I build monthly financial statements for board meetings. This experience strengthened my accounting skills in the U. S.  I am working as a treasurer of Student Government Association and a vice president of finance of PTK at St. Louis Community College. During my work, I communicated with a great number of people and I enjoyed it a lot. Those are very good experiences that enhanced my leadership and communication skills. Chasing my dream will motivate my academic work at University of Missouri in St. Louis and help me finally reach my big career goal. I am not a perfect person, but I always pursuit to be perfect at every roles of my life.

How far did America achieveprosperity in the 1920s? Essay

The 1920s was a time of great change in the USA’s economic situation. After the First World War, America experienced an economic boom, which led to the state of society changing by vast differences. These differences were also apparent in the way that the change effected different people in different situations. The number of people living below the bread line in 1928 increased to an estimated forty-two percent of the American population, however this was during the same period that the number of Americans owning cars was around one car to every five people. Therefore, there is great controversy over to what extent the USA achieved prosperity in the 1920s. Prosperity is a word that is used to describe affluence and wealth within a country. Estimating the rate at which a country experiences prosperity during a period would reveal hoe rich and well off that country was at the time. Many factors contribute and deduct from the prosperity of America during this period, as it is therefore difficult to say how far the current wealth of the country spread within all areas of society. Factors that would state that America’s prosperity spread throughout the nation during the 1920s include the new industries and new industrial methods of the time, mass marketing of new products and the motorcar industry. However, contradicting these areas of American industry include the farming situation at the time, overpopulation of the country, USA’s black population, new immigrants to the country and people involved in old industries. During the 1920s, new industries and new methods of production spread through American manufacturing. It was able to exploit it’s vast natural resources of raw materials to produce steel, chemicals, glass and machinery. These products then became the foundation for secondary industries- or consumer goods. Telephones, radios, vacume cleaners, and washing machines were mass-produced and therefore more people could afford them. Such an example shows hoe America was developing well as an industrial nation, and reveals how the people of the country were now able to buy consumer goods, which before were they were unable to afford. Within this same period, big industries were developing advertising and marketing techniques. Advertising companies were a resultant factor, and came about as groups developed their ideas of propaganda developed during World War One and applied them to industry. This aspect of American society is further evidence for how the USA was favouring the consumer aspect of living in the early twentieth century. Perhaps the most significant contribution to showing how all areas of America succeeded in achieving prosperity in the 1920s is the motor car industry. In 1900, only four thousand cars were built. By 1929, four million, eight hundred thousand were made- indeed it was believed that a Ford Model- T was completed every ten seconds. By 1928, the industry was America’s most successful, and employed hundred of thousands employees directly, and yet more indirectly. The car had vast impacts on the rest of American industry. The businesses supplying raw materials required to make a car also prospered at a similar rate. More glass, rubber and steel were required; boosting these areas of industry. Furthermore, increased amounts of petrol were required, and more people found employment- building miles of roads across the country to cater for the increased amount of traffic. The car industry also stimulated the housing industry. It meant that more people were able to buy homes away from the cities in the suburbs, and commute on a daily basis into town. This factor, I feel was the most important cause to America’s successful spread of prosperity in the 1920s. Apposed to these views, numerous factors exist which show evidence against the notion of America’s wealth in the 1920s being nationwide, and influencing every area of society. A clear example of an industry, and therefore it’s people, which did not benefit from this time is farming. The average farm income fell from twenty- two billion dollars in 1919, to thirteen billion dollars in 1928. This was largely due to the European market. During the war, American has shipped millions of tons off grain to Europe. However, the war also bankrupted Europe, meaning few people could afford American goods. Furthermore, the Republican tax on American goods was still in place, resulting in Europe sill unable to afford American produce. From 1900 to 1920, while farms were doing quite well, more and more land was being farmed. Improved machinery, especially combine harvesters and improved fertilisers made US agriculture extremely efficient. The result was that by 1920 it was producing surpluses of wheat, which nobody wanted. Farming communities were devastated as farms struggled to sell wheat, even at extremely low prices. The extent of this hardship is shown when it is realised around half of all Americans lived in rural areas. Mostly working on farms or in businesses that sold goods to farms. Therefore, this problem directly affected millions of people. As the farm income fell, the situation of many rural communities was desperate. It is clear when looking at the effects American prosperity had on it’s Black and new immigrant populations that current American wealth did not reach all areas of people. The black population was badly hit. They held the tradition of holding the least skilled jobs in rural areas. As they lost their jobs on the farms, three quarters of a million of them became unemployed. The majority of farming families remained very poor throughout the 1920s, meaning that they did not see the technological advances of the time- including electricity, cars and radios. New immigrant to the country at this time did not receive the great welcome of a liberated country they had all hoped. They faced discrimination in the work place, and took whatever work they could- partly because they were generally uneducated as other workers. A large number worked in the construction industry where, at the time, there was a big boom. However, despite this increase in the industries size, the average was only rose by four percent in the 1920s, because the immigrants were a source of cheap labour, and more work was becoming mechanised- resulting the lack of need for labourers. The unemployment rate within new immigrants rose throughout the decade. Older industries were undergoing modernisation. Some industries such as steel, for which there was a boom, benefited from general expansion. However, in others, particularly the raw materials industries- cotton, coal, tin and copper- were suffering. There was an overproduction in these industries, prices dropped and wages fell. From looking at this evidence, it is clear that the prosperity and affluence of the USA in the 1920 was highly apparent. However, it is also clear that it did not reach all areas of society. Therefore, it is justified to say that prosperity during this period was partial- as not everyone was buying cars, radios and other consumer goods. It is vital to remember that during a boom period, it is difficult to spread the wealth of the country evenly- due to the determination for personal gain, not for equality.