Critical Essay on Shakespeares sonnets

Critical Essay on Shakespeares sonnets Many people read Shakespeares sonnets because they find them to be very relevant in their lives. They know Shakespeare’s sonnets for the manner in which they articulate ideas about love and relationships. Though many people try to identify the message and apply it in their lives, they find it very difficult to do so. The reason is that they find poetry hard to understand since they are not used to the poetic devices of written literature. In order to write a good critical essay on Shakespeare’s sonnets: Message of several poems: The writer can identify the situation that best fits the message identified from a number of poems. In this case, the writer can use several poems that have a similar message for analysis, and the writer needs to understand that different groups of people can use a single sonnet for different purposes. People interpret messages depending on the situations that they are facing at any one particular time. Identify the suitable sonnets: Choose the Shakespeare’s sonnets that suit the situation at hand. This is important in preparing a good critical essay on the same. Read widely: Consult on those things that you least understand. Ensure that you research sound sources at these times. Pay attention to how you express the understanding you have gained, and present it in an interesting way. Use suitable stylistic devices: This is necessary to set the tone of the essay. For instance, the use of imagery is very important in writing a critical essay. The reader should be able to visualize the situation that the writer is analyzing in the essay, and be able to make the right judgment. The writer should also help the reader to understand what the correct reaction should be to the situation explained in the essay. The writer should help in creating the correct image that will elicit the readers’ reactions. Integrate the use irony: In a critical essay on Shakespeare’s sonnets irony goes well with sarcasm, and the writer should include sarcastic statements that will help in understanding the sonnets even better. Show the reality of the poem: Since the Shakespeare’s sonnets represent the reality in our societies, people should be able to see this reality through the critical essay. Unlike in the case of the poems, the essay should explain everything in detail, and assist readers to think about similar situations that either happened in their lives, or that could possibly happen in their lives. Shakespeare’s sonnets are not as hard to understand as people may think. However, they are important in shaping the thoughts and actions of people in society. The writers can therefore need to carefully select the sonnets,explore them critically using in depth investigation, and present them in well-structured critical essay writing.

The Odyssey, Books I - IV Essay - 547 Words

In reading the first four books of The Odyssey we see a lot of different struggles going on but once we focus on Telemachus we begin to capture a more metal picture of this main character. Odysseuss son, Telemachus has lost his father, suitors are pursuing his mother, and he is learning how to grow up without the legendary guidance of his great father. Telemachus appears to be a young, lost boy who is trapped in a world that he has no control over. Feelings of being left behind and not getting the recognition he so rightfully deserves to take over the throne, Telemachus will set out on a journey to find the answers he needs. In Book I, Athena, Zeuss daughter, seems to come to Telemachus rescue, in a sense. She then sets off for†¦show more content†¦We learn that even though Telemachus is unsure of himself he would gladly take on being King if Zeus would offer, I would happily be King.... A king will be respected, and his house will flourish...(p. 13). With new found courage you are to leave this hall and go feasting elsewhere. I beg Zeus you shall get what you deserve... (p. 13). In the next three books we see a new strength, guided by Athena, to bring honor back to his home. We still sense his doubt and uncertainty but learns of greater honor and respect for his father on this journey. I think this gives him a renewed confidence that he should take on the role of King, only after proving he is worthy. Athena continues to build home up, You will never be fainthearted or a fool... you have your fathers spirit (p. 27). We also get a greater sense of his feelings towards his mother in Book II. I sense that he feels pity and sadness for her but also knows she is being dishonored and respects her decisions when it comes to choosing a suitor and will defend her rights, once again with guidance from Athena, If you should learn your father alive...if dead...raise a mound for him...give your mother to another husband.. And in defense to his mother can I banish against her will (p. 23). In the remainder of these first 4 books Telemachus encounters other great men that served with hisShow MoreRelatedThe Codes Of Fidelity And Hospitality In Modern Society706 Words   |  3 PagesIn modern society the codes of behavior are described as etiquette that   each society member is expected to follow.  In ancient Greek culture it was very essential to follow codes of behavior. In the first half of odyssey there are several codes of behavior spotted like hospitality, vengenance, fidelity, household loyalty, and reverence. The particular types of codes of behavior that will be discussed in this essay are fidelity and hospitality. 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Most people seem to spend their tea timeRead MoreEssay on Epithet Chart for Homers Odyssey, Robert Fagles594 Words   |  3 PagesThe Odyssey Epithet Chart for Major Characters/Gods and Goddesses As you read the Odyssey list all the epithets you find for the following characters. Cite Book and line number Character Epithet – Book and line # ____________________________________________________________ ____________ Odysseus: -â€Å"the man of twists and turns† (I.1) -â€Å"Great Odysseus† (I.228) -â€Å"King Odysseus† (I.456) -â€Å"godlike man† (II.261) -â€Å"Odysseus of Ithaca† (II.277) -â€Å"Worldly Odysseus† (V.237) -â€Å"Long-enduringRead MoreOdysseus - a Different Type of Hero1225 Words   |  5 PagesOdysseus Ââ€" A Different Type of Hero The Homeric epic, the Odyssey, is set in the peaceful years following the Trojan War, and concerns the returning heroes on their journeys home, in particular Odysseus of Ithaca. Odysseus is an epic hero; he displays courage, superior strength, and leadership, all qualities that people admire. While displaying these archetypal heroic traits he also displays his weaknesses as a man, particularly his excessive pride, which actually make him easy to relate to. SoRead MoreOdyssey Code Of Behavior Essay808 Words   |  4 Pagesexpected to follow. In ancient Greek culture, it was essential to follow codes of behavior. In the first of Odyssey, the code of behavior seen is hospitality and fidelity code. Hospitality is an important aspect of the society where guests are treated equally to God. A fidelity code is a loyalty between husband and wife. One of the most prominent codes demonstrated in the first half of The Odyssey is hospitality code that is showing kindness towards strangers. 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Post Traumatic Stress Disorder - 6041 Words

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Name Course Tutor Institution Date Introduction Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that presents in form of anxiety disorder, and it usually develops following exposure to an event or incident that is terrifying and mostly associated with an increased risk or actual occurrence of severe body harm. These events exceed the coping capabilities of the individual, resulting into psychological trauma. As a result of the trauma, the affected individual develops fear conditioning in their brain, possibly because of certain brain chemicals that are released. Some structures in the brain are also thought to undergo atrophy. The risk of developing post traumatic stress disorder†¦show more content†¦The patients may also develop sleeping disorders, exhibit violent behavior and startled responses (Rosen, 2004). Information processing in patients with PSTD Various models have been developed to explain the memory and concentration problems manifested by patients affected by post traumatic stress disorder. These models relate the cognitive problems with these patients with the changes in the brain structures that function in learning and memory. The first model is described as fear structure, whereby the brain of the affected individuals become programmed to process information associated with the threatening experience and subsequent physiological, physical and behavioral responses. Another information processing model is based on cognitive theory, with an assumption that the disorder progresses only if a person perceives the traumatic incident in a manner that makes the incident to become threatening after it has taken place. The perception of the trauma as being present results into intrusions and reliving symptoms, anxiety, and over alertness. Subsequently, the affected individual tries to decrease perceptions of the threat through b ehavioral and cognitive modifications, although these changes further perpetuate the symptoms (Rosen, 2004). Prevalence of PSTD Epidemiologic studies indicate that about 10 percent of the universal population experience PSTD at some point in theirShow MoreRelatedPost Traumatic Stress Disorder980 Words   |  4 PagesToday we are here to figure out why is it that past events are the triggers that cause Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is an anxiety disorder that some people get after seeing or undergoing a dangerous event. There are various symptoms that begin to show or actions that can give a clear answer whether one may be diagnosed with this disorder. One of the many problems is that no age range is safe from suffering PTSD. One must ask themselves what set of events happenedRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder851 Words   |  3 PagesPost Traumatic Stress Disorder Introduction â€Å"There are currently over 400,000 Veterans in treatment for PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) and it is estimated that with the Iraq and Afghanistan wars there is an additional 33% increase in our returning soldiers.† Post Traumatic Stress Disorder has become a severe issue for veterans returning from overseas. One of the most effective, yet unused resources given to veterans to help them cope with their disorder is specially trained dogs. TheseRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder884 Words   |  4 Pagesof traumatic incidents, such as mugging, rape, torture, being kidnapped or held captive, child abuse, car accidents, train wrecks, plane crashes, bombings, or natural disasters such as floods or earthquakes.† (NIMH) Families of veterans struggle to help their loved ones. â€Å"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder caused by a person’s exposure to life-threatening or otherwise traumatic circumstances.† (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder affectsRead MorePost-Traumatic Stress Disorder1630 Words   |  7 Pagesare now accessing mental health services for the treatment of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) defined by DSM-IV-TR is â€Å"characterised by the re-experiencing of an extremely traumatic event accompanied by symptoms of increased arousal and by avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma† (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 2000). There are many impacts and effects this disorder has on refugees requiring treatment, interventions, education andRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder1004 Words   |  5 Pagescurrent criteria of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder has changed since the DSM-IV. In the DSM-V, the diagnostic criteria draws a clearer line when detailing what establishes a traumatic event. The DSM-V pays more attention to the behavioral symptoms that accompany PTSD and proposes four distinct diagnostic cluster s instead of three. They are described as re-experiencing, avoidance, negative cognitions and mood, and arousal. Re-experiencing is the spontaneous memories of the traumatic event, recurrentRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder1086 Words   |  5 Pagesfirst hand the effects of posttraumatic stress disorder. It is not possible to respond to emergency after emergency and not be subject to some of PTSD’s effects. When I saw this topic in the list I felt compelled to use this opportunity to learn more. My hope is by increasing my knowledge, of a disorder so prevalent in my career field; I can recognize the symptoms in others and myself before there effect becomes devastating. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, or PTSD as it is more commonly referredRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )944 Words   |  4 Pageswith Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD Stats). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is a mental disorder common found in veterans who came back from war. We can express our appreciation to our veterans by creating more support programs, help them go back to what they enjoy the most, and let them know we view them as a human not a disgrace. According to the National Care of PTSD, a government created program, published an article and provides the basic definition and common symptoms of PTSD. Post-traumaticRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1550 Words   |  7 PagesPost Traumatic Stress Disorder â€Å"PTSD is a disorder that develops in certain people who have experienced a shocking, traumatic, or dangerous event† (National Institute of Mental Health). Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has always existed, PTSD was once considered a psychological condition of combat veterans who were â€Å"shocked† by and unable to face their experiences on the battlefield. Much of the general public and many mental health professionals doubted whether PTSD was a true disorder (NIMH)Read MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1401 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the Mayo-Clinic Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, commonly known as PTSD is defined as â€Å"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that s triggered by a terrifying event — either experiencing it or witnessing it. Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmares and severe anxiety, as well as uncontrollable thoughts about the event† (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). Post Trau matic Stress disorder can prevent one from living a normal, healthy life. In 2014, Chris Kyle playedRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1453 Words   |  6 Pages84.8% of those diagnosed Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder still show moderate impairment of symptoms, even 30 plus years after the war (Glover 2014). As of today, the Unites States has 2.8 million veterans who served in the Afghanistan and Iraq wars, of those it is estimated that 11 to 20% currently suffer from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. As of 2013, a total of 12,632 veterans of the Afghanistan and Iraq wars are currently diagnosed with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Glover 2014). Of course it

Diversity Action Plan - 3153 Words

Diversity Action Plan University of Phoenix SOC315: Cultural Diversity Dr. Abbas Khajeaian October 21, 2007 Introduction The purpose of this paper is to describe a selected organization or workgroup that has grown in population and diversity and to develop an action plan that has accurate information best describing the trends in population growth and diversity within this organization. The organization selected for this diversity action plan is Federal Express. Diversity Action Plan Organizations in every size are realizing the value of creating a plan to increase and manage diversity within their companies. The steps in developing this plan can include; assessing needs,†¦show more content†¦For this strategy to be successful, everyone in the organization must be represented. Evaluation Evaluation is key to any diversity initiative. Indicators of success may include changes to the employee profile, recruitment and retention patterns, numbers of employees accessing training or other optional program components and employee feedback on diversity programs. Tools for monitoring and evaluating program success may include: †¢ progress reports †¢ reports from a diversity task force or diversity committee †¢ feedback from staff interviews or surveys †¢ interviews with management and consultants †¢ analysis of key data such as numbers of employees accessing training or other optional program components Federal ExpressShow MoreRelatedEssay on Personal Action Plan for Diversity Consciousness1969 Words   |  8 Pages(2152) Personal Action Plan for Diversity Consciousness 8 March 2015 Introduction Diversity is an ongoing discussion in day-to-day life. Not many situations occur without diversity having a role. There are a multitude of topics that introduces or involves diversity, to include age, sex, race, gender, ethnicity and so on. Prior to participating in this Diversity Awareness classRead MoreThe Future Of Zoos During The World Of Activists Attacks1495 Words   |  6 Pagesanimal care and welfare, which includes the physical, psychological, and emotional health† of their animals, while USDA does not hold any regular update. Finally, AZA members engage to regulate the mating of their animals preestablishing a breeding plan in a studbook (AZA). As only 10% of the 2000 â€Å"animal exhibitors† accredited by the USDA is also accredited by AZA (The Humane Society), many zoos need to improve their animal care standards to obtain the high AZA accreditation required by the animalRead MoreThe Importance of Endangered Species in Our World1649 Words   |  7 Page sincrease or decrease in the population over time, breeding success rates, known threats, and so on. Internationally, 199 countries have signed an accord agreeing to create  Biodiversity Action Plans  to protect endangered and other threatened species. In the  United States  this plan is usually called a species  Recovery Plan. Before anthropogenic global warming species were subjected mainly to regional pressures, such as overhunting and habitat destruction. With the acceleration of anthropogenic global warmingRead MoreEnvironmental Policy Of Vietnam s National Parks2966 Words   |  12 Pagesenvironmental players (Zingerli, 2005). By the end of the 1990s, 30 international NGOs and 15 bilateral and multilateral agencies engaged in conservation projects in Vietnam (PARC Project, 2006). Today, the key organizing agency for the Biodiversity Action Plan implementation is the Ministry of Science, Technology, and Environment (MoSTE), with the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) responsible for the overall direction of special-use forests (SUFs), including national parks. 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It is safe to say that Grutter enumerated five basic questions that would determine whether race conscious admissions policies are constitutional. â€Å"(1) Whether the program offers a competitive review of all applications without quotas or separate tracts that isolate minoritiesRead MoreDiversity Management and Cultural Intelligence1260 Words   |  6 PagesCARROLL 1 Shavasia K. Carroll Current Issues in OB Final Diversity Management and Cultural Intelligence Diversity Management and cultural intelligence is the crucial keys in today’s workforce to successfully compete in a global marketplace. Corporations can no longer use lack of cultural intelligence as an excuse. Organizations pursuing global success must embrace diversity in their thoughts, actions, and innovations. Diversity doesn’t just focus on making the numbers, but how the organization’sRead MoreManagement Of Equality And Diversity1117 Words   |  5 Pagesequality and diversity in own area of responsibility. The table below highlights the observations and evaluation that I have conducted for the implementation of the University’s launch of the Equality Diversity Framework. The observation includes suggested actions and a timeframe on areas where I could influence or have responsibility and authority to change. The University implementation plan was to deliver the strategy through the development of a strategic equality and diversity framework thatRead MoreGraduation Speech : High School1522 Words   |  7 Pageshigher chance of getting accepted into. A plan that has been implemented in several universities called The Affirmative Action plan promises to increase diversity on college campuses and ensuring racial and gender inclusion. For example, there would be an increase of minorities on campus. With this in mind, more minority students would apply to colleges that have implemented the Affirmative Action Plan. From an outside standpoint, the affirmative action plan seems to be working in that the student

Ethics Standards And The Field Of Accounting - 950 Words

Professional ethics are an absolute necessity in the field of accounting. Businesses rely on accountants to accurately report their financial information and give sound advise and consultation in regards to their business. There are standards and rules set in place to ensure that ethics and information is reported accurately. Laws and repercussions are created place to deter unethical and illegal accounting practices, although it still occurs in the business world on many levels. The field of accounting has a code of ethics for very important reasons. Investors and creditors need assurance that the financials of the company they are investing in are accurate. If the financials of a company are not created accurately or if the information is falsified and inaccurate, investors and creditors have the potential to lose lots of money. Ethics standards and controls have increased in more recent years due to a number of scandals between large corporations. Enron is one of the most know n examples, as many investors lost enormous amounts of money and life savings due to embezzlement and falsifications from the company and the accountants handling the financials. Accountants in each state must register with the state boards in order to legally practice in that state. These boards relay ethical standards that certified accountants are expected to adhere. An accountant’s license can be suspended if the codes of ethics are violated. One of the main controls set in place toShow MoreRelatedEssay on Government Regulations: Accounting1676 Words   |  7 PagesCharlie Munger once stated, â€Å"You have to know accounting. It’s the language of practical business life.† This statement emphasizes that accounting has become the center of the business world. With the world now being focused around businesses and the idea of how to make the next dollar it’s obvious that the accounting field is rapidly becoming the most influential field in the world t oday. With these occurrences comes regulation, and when I say regulation I mean stiff government regulations on howRead MoreEthics and Conceptual Framework Paper1333 Words   |  6 PagesEthics and Conceptual Framework Paper Conceptual Framework There are two major philosophies in accounting consisting of a principles-based system for accounting and a rules-based system for accounting. The following discussion will speak about these two philosophies and will define one as being a best fit for encompassing the role of ethics and the conceptual framework. 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The major companies involved in it are Enron, WorldCom, etc.          By means of the following paper, the reader will be able to understand the various reasons that are associated with the ethical accounting practices, reasons behind dissolutionRead MoreEthics774 Words   |  4 PagesEthics Paper HCS/405 December 12, 2011 Professor Ethics Paper When we talk about financial planning we have to take step back, look at the whole picture, and understand how it begins. Financial Management is the key essential in an organization when you plan financially. Financial Management is the building blocks for all accounting records and business transactions that occur. We cannot forget that decisions are based on the organizations fiscal objectives others are based on generalRead MoreHow Ethics Is Important For Business Environment1563 Words   |  7 Pages Ethics is a system of moral principles and standards that direct us to the behavior that is acceptable from the society. It is a combination of our good habits, our duties that we should accomplish, and the impression we leave on others based on our behavior. Ethics lay the foundation for the ability to differentiate between what is right and wrong in a particular situation and how to deal with situations that do not have a clear course of action to follow. It is vital to study ethics to improveRead MoreAccounting Ethics677 Words   |  3 PagesAccounting Ethics: Ethics is a term that is commonly used to describe a code or moral system that serves as a criterion for assessing right and wrong. Professionals operating in the business world usually face ethical dilemmas, which are situations where a person or group is faced with a decision that tests the moral system or code. While most of these dilemmas are easy to identify and resolve, they come with temptations that test a persons or groups ethics. Similar to others operating in theRead MoreGaap Essay1520 Words   |  7 PagesUnited Kingdom (UK). UK Generally Accepted Accounting Practice (GAAP) has been in place for a long period of time and was harmonized in 2005 so as to comply with the international accounting standards. The UK embraced the principles of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in 2005 after the European Union (EU) mandated that all members that were publicly listed companies be subject to reporting under the International Accounting Standards (IAS). This wa s to help facilitate that thoseRead MoreThe Importance Of Accounting As Well As Ethics1442 Words   |  6 Pages(see appendices.) I asked them numerous questions both relating to accounting as well as ethics in the business world. They all game me a large range of answers to the majority of the questions that I asked them, however they all had two things that were common answers. First off they all have very favorable views of accountants. If a problem were to ever occur with regards to their financial statements because of their ethical standards they know it would be an honest mistake. They all have the upmostRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act ( Sox )969 Words   |  4 Pages2015 Subject: Important changes in the accounting field Due to my position as your Financial Adviser, it is my duty to explain to you some important changes in the accounting field and the legislation that brought about this change. In 2002 the U.S. Congress passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX), a legislation put in place not only to improve the accuracy of corporate disclosures, but also to protect shareholders and the general public from accounting errors and fraudulent practices in all

Importance of Goal Hood Foundation †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Importance of Goal Hood Foundation. Answer: Introduction The importance of goal setting can be defined using Edwin Lockes goal setting theory of motivation. According to the theory, setting goals is directly related to the motivation, focus and the eventual achievement of said goals(Akdeniz, 2015). Some of the essentials of goal setting as defined by the theory include the willingness to work towards the achievement of the goal; the prominence of concise and difficult goals over easy ones, the availability of deadlines and checkpoints to keep track of progress, and finally the goal should be realistic but still pose considerable challenge. This essay aims at discussing the process through which this semesters set goal was attained. The goal was to reach a GPA of 3.5 at the end of the semester. Discuss the goal that you set for yourself and how you reached it. Education is often considered as a success enabler. Learning various concepts equips students to assess the opportunities availed by various sectors in life; as well as take advantage of them towards the achievement of their set goals(The Heal The Hood Foundation Of Memphis, 2010). Consequently, success in education is viewed as a stepping stone towards success in life; thus it is the desire of every student to attain exemplary grades as a way of enriching ones future. In line with this, the subject goal for the semester is to attain a grade of no less than 3.5 GPA. The main strategy used to attain the aforementioned goal is to develop a self-assessment regime. The strategy involved understanding which units worked as strengths and which ones were more challenging. After this, the regime included perfecting my strengths while working to improve the most challenging aspects. The development of proper time management strategies complemented the self-assessment regime. The self-assessment regime made it clear that I am good at theoretical concepts rather than mathematical ones. Therefore, it made more sense to perfect all theory based units and attain the best possible grade. On the other hand, I resolved to work on the mathematical concepts to raise the potential to attain a good grade. On the time management factor, a timetable was developed with more time allocations for the mathematical units. Collectively, this provided a better chance of attaining the 3.5 GPA Discuss any challenges you faced pursuing this goal and how you overcame these challenges Other than the introduction of major concepts that were difficult to understand, the most notable challenge was the demand for large independent research. The broad nature of most units required extensive research; therefore putting a strain on the time required to study. How does the new growth you achieved help you in your professional career or future goals? Professionally, the growth has developed crucial personal traits such as resilience and independence which are crucial in career development. Further, interaction within the school set up offered exposure to differing perceptions and cultures. Thus, I am in a better position to handle interpersonal skills within a workplace set up. Discuss how your knowledge and understanding of the Myers-Briggs characteristics may have been a part of helping you reach your goals. The Myers-Briggs characteristics assist in the understanding of ones personality(Gardner, Jewler, Barefoot, 2008). Understanding that I am highly perceptive, assertive, intuitive and inclined to thinking was instrumental in the development of my study regime. Further, the Myers-Briggs characteristics are even more instrumental in the development of relationships and interpersonal interactions. Understanding my extrovert nature was useful in the handling of group discussions that were necessary for better understanding of concepts. References Akdeniz, C. (2015). Financial Goal Setting Explained. Bad Bodendorf: Can Akdeniz. Gardner, J. N., Jewler, A. J., Barefoot, B. O. (2008). Your College Experience: Strategies for Success. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. The Heal The Hood Foundation Of Memphis. (2010). How the Hood Was Healed: A Non-fictional Depicting Of An Urban Based Movement. Xlibris Corporation.

International Trade Law for Vienna Convention- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theInternational Trade Law for Vienna Convention. Answer: Facts In the Scenario, Cherry Cherries PL enters a contract for sale with fresh fruit importers who are based in Singapore. The contract provides that the goods will be shipped, and they will arrive in Singapore in less than two weeks. The cherries are loaded to the Keraisa by 30th of November. But keraisa agreed to ship mangoes for another company, who arrive late and it takes time to clear at the port. They hope to arrive at Singapore port by 15th of December and set sail on 3rd of December. One of the refrigeration units is powered off when the generators are blown by the storm. The main generators have been efficient, that no one has ever bothered to fix the backup generators. The keraisa finally limps the port of Singapore in the 19th of December with a quarter of the cherries having not been refrigerated for our days. They are below premium quality but still edible. It takes three days to clear at the port in Singapore; hence the cherries are not available until the 22nd of December. CCPL considers delay to be FFIL's fault for not making proper arrangement with the customs clearance. The Vienna convention International Sale of Goods Act 198 application in the contract for sale and Carriage. The Vienna Convention on International Sale of Goods 1980 In Article 1 of the convention provides the scope as parties contracting from different states. The convention applies to sale of goods contracts. The convention excludes sales services or sales to consumers'. The convention applies to contracts concluded after offer and acceptance. Just like the above agreement, both parties reach an agreement for sale[1]. Article 6 (1)[2] asserts that risk passes to the buyer when they take control of the goods[3] or when they take possession of the goods. In the above scenario, the risk is passed when the goods are loaded to the Keraisa on 30th of November. The first risk passes as soon as the commodities are accepted. In a situation where the buyer does not take delivery on the accepted date but goods were delivered, risk passes to the buyer[4]. In the scenario above, as much as the goods are not shipped immediately due to the delays due to the mangoes' shipment, the risk already passed. Similarly, when the goods arrive at the port, the risk further passes to FFIL, because they were responsible for ensuring clearance was made as early as possible. FFIL did not make such arrangements, and delays further occurred. 6 (2) [5]provides that risk is passed when its time for delivery. Most of the time risk passes when goods are the buyer's possession, in this case, FFIL. In the above scenario, CCPL wants to recover the $75000 it has lost from either of the parties. This loss can be attributed to the spoilt cherries. We see negligence largely on the part of the FAEE, one for delaying the shipment to 3rd of December and for not ensuring their refrigeration was properly maintained. The risk Passes to them when they take possession of the goods, and they do not take due diligence to ensure the cherries are not spoilt. of the shipment is rejected by FFIL because they were not of premium quality. The shipment arrives with the quarter already spoilt, which is not FFIL's fault but rather spoilt due to lack of refrigeration for four days. FAEE could be solely liable for the damages if the rejected is due to lack of refrigeration. However, if CCPL proves that the three-day delay affected the cherries, they FFIL can be liable to pay to the extent of their contribution to the negligence. However, from the facts, we can see that FAEE are mostly negligent, and they are the ones who should be held liable for damages, for the 3day delay and not properly maintaining the necessary pieces of equipment to ensure proper storage on transit. FAEE should be held liable. CIF Incoterms 2010 on the responsibilities of the parties The CIF Incoterms require that the seller covers their freight by insuring it by at least 110%[6]. The CIF covers the risk, pricing and leveraging responsibility in the agreement. CIF is also used in sea freight which is not in a container. The Incoterms require that the seller delivers the good to the vessel and covers the risks during carriage. Such risks include losses or damages. The buyer's responsibility is to import and export clearance[7]. Based on the CIF Incoterms responsibilities, the risks passed on during shipment will be covered by the insurance company; however, because the buyer is not diligent on clearance FFIL could be liable for damages. If the spoiling of the cherries is attributed to the process of shipment, the risk will be covered by the insurance hence the insurance might pay for the $75000. What role do the Amended Hague Rules (as per COGSA 1991 (Cth) Australia) have the problem? The Hague rules apply to this contract because it applies to contracts of carriage by sea. It applies to contracts from any part of Australia to other parts of Australia. It applies only to carriages covered under the bill lading according to Article 1 (b)[8]. The bill of lading is evidence that the shipper received the goods. Article 3 (1) of the Act requires that the shipper exercises due diligence to ensure that the ship is seaworthy and appropriately eqquiped. The shipper is also required to cool chambers and where goods are carried is properly maintained and suitable for carriage. The carrier on part 2 of the article is required to properly load and discharge the goods. Article 3 (8) [9]provides that agreements' made to discharge the carrier from liability due to negligent is null and void. The section further provides that if there is insurance which benefits the carrier, shall relieve the carrier from liability. If damage or loss is cause sea unworthiness, the carrier or the s hip should not be held liable according to Article 4. With the Hague rules, ignoring the insurance, the carriers are liable due to negligence[10]. Despite the fact that the failure of a refrigerator was caused by the storm which affected the generator, they still did not take adequate steps to ensure refrigerators were working. They did not properly maintain the spare generator to ensure that incase of failure the other one is used. They did not exhaust their resources to ensure that all parts of the carriage were safe and fit for carriage of goods. Therefore, in the absence of insurance claims, the Carriers are liable for the losses incurred when of the cherries are spoilt. How the parties can resolve the dispute When the Vienna convention is applied, the aggrieved party in this case due to a fundamental breach can seek specific damages for the 75,000 from FFIL and FAEE in proportions to their contribution to the losses. When CIF Incoterms are used to distribute costs, then CCPL can claim damages for risk from the insurer for the $75, 000. However, when the Hague rules are applied in absence of the insurance, the carriers will be liable to pay for th $75,000. This is because ethe hagure rules hold the carriers liable for negligence[11]. Bibliography Articles/Books/Reports Bianca, Cesare Massimo, Michael Joachim Bonell, and J. Barrera Graf.Commentary on the International Sales Law: The 1980 Vienna Sales Convention. Giuffr, 1987. Burnett, Robin, and Vivienne Bath.Law of international business in Australasia. Federation Press, 2009. Fawcett, James, Jonathan Harris, and Michael Bridge. "International sale of goods in the conflict of laws."OUP Catalogue(2005). Gillies, Peter, and Gabril Moens.International Trade Business Law Policy. Routledge, 1998. John Livermore.Transport law in Australia. Kluwer Law International, 2011. Malbon, Justin, and Bernard Bishop.Australian Export. Cambridge University Press, 2014. Yancey, Benjamin W. "Carriage of Goods: Hague, Cogsa, Visby, and Hamburg."Tul. L. Rev.57 (1982): 1238. Legislation Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1991, Amended Hague Rules (as per COGSA 1991) Treaties The Vienna Convention on The International Sale of Goods, opened for signature on 11 of April 1980, (entered into force on 1 January 1988). Other Cost Insurance and Freight (CIF) incoterms 2010.